One place to read
the evidence.

Insight 01

The intervention space

Super pollutants differ in their sources and effects. The CPI / CCAC taxonomy helps organize the measures that target them; it does not predict the outcome of an individual project.

Insight 02

Different problems, different approaches

Agricultural practices, community resilience and urban air-quality management operate at different scales. Compare the purpose of documented initiatives before comparing their outcomes.

Insight 03

Finance & coverage

The CPI workbook records approximately USD 8.88 billion in global super pollutant abatement finance for 2023. The report rounds this to USD 9 billion. Sector totals reveal where these tracked flows are concentrated.

Insight 04

Shared priorities, local responsibilities

The ADB regional report brings city-level air-quality management into a common discussion. Bangkok and Chiang Mai also have distinct local contexts and planning periods.

Insight 05

People and institutions that connect the work

Research publishers, community initiatives and public institutions play different roles. These connections are limited to relationships explicitly supported by the selected sources.

Insight 06

The mix of intervention types

The source taxonomy covers 9 sectors. Its distribution describes the classification framework, not the prevalence of interventions in Thailand.

• Integrating nitrogen fixing crops in rotations
• Reduced tillage
• Use of cover crops
• Production of biofuels
• Efficient application of urea
• Switch to ammonium nitrate fertilizers where applicable
• Other nutrient management
• Implementation of alternate wetting and drying for flooded rice
• Intermittent aeration of continuously flooded rice paddies
• Use of low CH4 (methane) formation hybrids and sulphate containing amendments
• Shallow flooding
• Mid-season drying event
• Off-season straw
• Soil health and erosion control
• Soil carbon storage management
• Ban open burning of agricultural waste and residues
• Collection of agricultural waste and use for energetic purposes
• Happy seeder and other mechanised residue management
• Collection and use of crop residue for animal feed
• Feed supplements
• Selective breeding
• Precision feeding
• Feed additives
• Efficient manure incorporation into soils
• Improved manure storage covering
• Feeding strategies
• Anaerobic digestion of livestock manure and biogas production
• Rotational grazing
• Grazing management to reduce fire fuel loads
• Climate resilience measures and livestock productivity
• Buffer strips
• Energy efficiency
• Cleaner fuels
• Organic farming
• Restoring degraded crop and pasture lands
• Shift to healthy diets that reduce red meat consumption and increase plant-based protein sources
• Energy efficiency (including standards) in commercial sector
• Switch to cleaner fuels
• Replacement with Solar PV (pholtovoltaic)
• Replacement with Onshore Wind
• Replacement with Offshore Wind
• Replacement with other renewables
• Ban of new sub-critical plants
• Electrostatic precipitators on coal power plants
• Increase efficiency of power generation
• Switch from coal/fuel oil to gas
• Switch from coal/fuel oil to biomass
• Transmission and distribution loss reduction
• Reduce gas flaring and venting
• Leakage control of fugitive emissions from unintended leakage sources (non-pipeline)
• Reduced gas leakage from long-distance transmission pipelines
• Plugging of abandoned oil and gas wells to prevent methane leakage from inactive or orphaned wells
• Replace gas-powered pneumatic devices and gasoline or diesel engines with electric motors
• Replace compressor seals or rods
• Regular inspections (and repair) of sites using instruments to detect leaks (LDAR) and emissions due to improper operations
• Recovery and utilization of vented gas with vapor recovery units (VRUs) and well plungers
• Capture of associated gas from oil wells
• Blowdown capture
• Recovery of CH4 (methane) during mining
• Extended pre-mine degasification
• Recovery and oxidation of methane from ventilation air
• Flooding abandoned coal mines
• Ban on new exploration and expansion of fossil fuels
• Deploy new modernized brick kilns (Hoffmann kilns, Zig-zag kilns, vertical shaft brick kilns)
• Reduce clinker content in cement production
• Deploy new modernized coke ovens
• Improvement of end-of-pipe abatement measures
• Quenching system improvements (dry vs. wet)
• Mitigating emissions in the production of adipic acid and nitric acid
• Low-solvent paints
• Incineration and recovery
• Leak detection
• New or enhanced minimum energy efficiency standards
• Best available techniques required for operating permits in industrial processes (steel, cement, etc.)
• High-efficiency PM (particulate matter) controls in industrial biomass and waste combustion
• Post-combustion control of SO2 (sulphur dioxide), NOx (nitrogen oxides) and PM (particulate matter) emissions of large boilers
• Diesel particle filters for construction machinery, agricultural tractors and inland shipping
• Elimination of high-emitting off-road vehicles
• Implement Kigali Amendment to phase down HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons)
• Training of service technicians
• Technology conversion to lower GWP (global warming potential) or not-in-kind alternatives
• Reduced charge size and improved energy efficiency
• Ban on imports of products containing high GWP (global warming potential) HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons), unless essential
• Retrofit/replacement of refrigerants with lower GWP (global warming potential) alternatives provided the equipment allows for this safely and without jeopardizing energy efficiency
• Retrofit/replacement of refrigerants with water-based cooling systems
• Retrofit/replacement of refrigerants with ammonia-based cooling systems
• Retrofit/replacement of refrigerants with evaporative cooling systems
• Recovery of refrigerants at the end of their lifecycle, primarily for recycling
• Conserve wood-fuel supplies by making charcoal as efficiently as possible
• Reforestation/ afforestation
• Avoid deforestation
• Reduce land degradation
• Fire prevention and forest management programs
• Prescribed burning programs (controlled, early-season burns)
• Community-based forest fire monitoring and early warning systems
• Deployment of more efficient heating stoves
• Replacing wood-burning technologies with pellet stoves and boilers
• Deployment of more efficient boilers
• Deployment of advanced cookstoves that use clean fuels
• Access to fuels for clean cooking fuels
• Use of solar power for cooking
• Solar heaters
• Minimum energy performance standards for lighting
• Reduce kerosene for lighting
• Efficient air conditioning
• Efficient refrigeration
• Other household energy efficiency
• Minimum energy performance standards for appliances and heating and cooling
• Roof-top solar installations, etc.
• District heating connection
• Minimum energy performance standards for buildings
• Improve inspection and maintenance systems for vehicles
• Elimination of high-emitting vehicles
• Advanced emissions controls (Euro VI) for petrol cars
• Advanced emissions controls (Euro VI) for heavy-duty vehicles
• Advanced emissions controls (Euro VI) for light-duty vehicles
• Phase-out two-stroke engine powered two wheelers
• Deploy four-stroke engines powered two wheelers with strict emissions standards or electric engines
• Diesel particle filters for road vehicles
• Clean air and congestion zoning
• Efficiency standards
• Increase number of hybrid vehicles
• Increase number of passenger electric vehicles
• Road freight electrification
• Increase number of hydrogen vehicles in vehicle fleet
• Introduction of biofuels
• Enhanced cleaning and paving of roads and side-walks
• Conversion to NG, LNG and CNG for heavy-duty vehicles
• Switch freight from road to rail
• Rail electrification
• Using liquid natural gas
• Alternative fuel production - e-ammonia, green hydrogen, and e-methanol
• Heavy fuel oil (HFO) ban in Arctic and sensitive regions
• Low-methane-slip LNG engine technologies
• Alternative fuel ready ships
• Progressing beyond the IMO (International Maritime Organization) agreement on sulphur content
• Deploying diesel particle filters
• Scrubber installation for exhaust gas cleaning
• Speed optimization and route planning
• Shore power (cold ironing) at port terminals
• Increase non-motorized - cycling and walking
• Implement bike sharing systems
• Implementation of bus rapid transport systems
• Enhance provision and access to public transport
• Taking stronger action to decrease car ownership
• Development of formal landfill sites
• Sustainable financing systems for sanitary landfills
• Investing in biocovers
• Centralized waste collection, disposal/incineration
• Ban on open burning
• Centralized waste collection with source separation and reuse
• Limits on landfill disposal of organic/biodegradable waste
• Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) combining mechanical sorting with biological processing
• Production and utilization of Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF) from waste
• Biodegradable waste - anaerobic digestion with biogas recovery
• Landfill gas collection with combustion/utilization
• Recycling or treatment with energy recovery - industrial
• Waste-to-energy - incineration
• Black soldier fly technologies
• Composting
• Avoid and separate (behaviour change)
• Adequate budgeting for universal waste systems
• Deploy systems to support circular economies
• Reduce organic waste generation
• Pay-as-you-throw regulations
• Reduce food waste at point of consumption
• Cold chain investment
• Process optimization to reduce N2O from wastewater
• Improving access to and management of sanitation services
• Food industry liquid waste treated in anaerobic digesters with biogas recovery
• Anaerobic digestion for biogas production
• Methane capture at wastewater treatment plants
• Two-stage wastewater treatment with biogas recovery (industrial)
• Upgrading primary wastewater treatment to secondary/tertiary treatment with gas recovery and overflow control (residential)

Insight 07

Challenges & evidence coverage

Air-quality measurements, financing records and community case studies answer different questions. Looking across them helps identify where more evaluation would be useful.

Insight 08

Ecosystem connectivity

The network brings documented links and proposed pathways into the same view while keeping their status visible. A proposed connection is a research question, not an announced partnership.